Greek New Testament Manuscripts in Germany

This post continues the series on the changing landscape of Greek New Testament manuscripts, drawing on my work revising the Kurzgefasste Liste these past years.

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In 1963, Kurt Aland pointed out a striking contrast in the growth of Greek New Testament manuscript collections. Since Caspar René Gregory’s census in 1909, roughly 1,000 manuscripts had been added worldwide; holdings in the United States had increased more than nine-fold. Germany, however, had moved in the opposite direction. In the first Liste, Aland lamented that “German holdings of New Testament manuscripts have not increased by a single new acquisition since then; on the contrary, they have been reduced by 34 through losses.”¹

What lay behind those losses and what has since been recovered or rediscovered? As it turns out, some manuscripts thought lost have survived, while others were never missing in the first place.

Germany was very different from the country Gregory had surveyed in 1909. The intervening decades brought the First World War (in which Gregory himself died), the collapse of the German Empire, National Socialism, the Second World War, Allied occupation, the loss of Germany’s eastern territories, and its division into 2 states in 1949. By the time the first Liste appeared in 1963, the Berlin Wall had already been standing for nearly 2 years.

Aland himself had not escaped these upheavals. After his teaching authorization was withdrawn, he fled East Germany in 1958 and moved west to Münster. The German manuscript collections Gregory had described had passed through these same historical ruptures. Some were destroyed or damaged; others disappeared after being evacuated for safekeeping.

Nowhere was the disruption to Germany’s manuscript collections more apparent than in Berlin, where the Prussian State Library’s attempts to protect its holdings left them scattered far beyond the city.

Berlin: The Dispersal of the Prussian State Library

In 1909, Berlin’s Königliche Bibliothek (now the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin—Preußischer Kulturbesitz) held 33 Greek New Testament witnesses, acquired through purchases from private collectors and other European collections.²

In 1941, after a bomb struck the library building on Unter den Linden, the library began evacuating its holdings to places considered safer from air raids. Eventually, books and manuscripts were distributed among some 30 sites across the German Reich, including castles, monasteries, and mines.

Some holdings were evacuated westward to the Hattorf potash mine in Hesse and the Benedictine archabbey at Beuron. After the war, those recovered in the American occupation zone were gathered at Marburg; the Beuron holdings, in the French zone, went to Tübingen rather than Soviet-controlled East Berlin. Together, Marburg and Tübingen held 9 Greek NT witnesses from Berlin.³

Other portions of the Berlin collection were evacuated eastward to Silesia and other locations then within Germany. After the war, some of these territories came under Polish administration.

The consequences were still apparent in the first Liste. 20 witnesses, 11 minuscules and 9 lectionaries, appeared under their former Berlin shelf numbers in brackets, indicating that their current locations could not be securely established.⁴

The Wartime Losses of the Dresden and Leipzig Libraries

Dresden and Leipzig both suffered heavy bombing during the Second World War. Although their libraries had taken steps to protect their collections, evacuation did not guarantee that manuscripts would survive undamaged—or that they could be found when the war was over.

In Dresden, Codex Boernerianus (GA 012), a 9th-century manuscript of Paul’s Epistles with a Latin translation between the Greek lines, was stored for safekeeping in the basement of the Japanisches Palais. The building was badly damaged in the bombing of February 1945. The codex survived, but water damage left parts of its text illegible.⁵

The fate of several other Dresden manuscripts remained uncertain. The 1963 Liste placed 7 of the Saxon State Library’s 11 entries in brackets. Nearly 2 decades after the war, most of Dresden’s listed Greek New Testament witnesses still could not be securely located.⁶

Leipzig’s University Library held 8 Greek NT witnesses in 1909, including manuscripts brought back by Constantin von Tischendorf from his research journeys to monasteries and libraries in the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt. Beginning in 1941, the library evacuated valuable holdings to bank vaults, castles, and other storage sites. On 6 April 1945, an air raid destroyed approximately 2/3 of its main building, the Bibliotheca Albertina, but much of the collection had already been moved to safety.⁷

Yet 2 of Leipzig’s Greek NT witnesses remained unaccounted for. GA 0106 (Codex Tischendorfianus I), 4 leaves of an early Gospel manuscript brought from Sinai by Tischendorf in 1844, was described in the first Liste as “noch ausgelagert” (“still evacuated”). The lectionary ℓ948 was listed as “vermisst” (“missing”).

Lost to Germany, but Not Lost

Not all the losses in Germany’s manuscript holdings resulted from the Second World War. Some ceased to count as German holdings when national borders changed. Strasbourg and Metz belonged to Germany when Gregory compiled his survey in 1909, but returned to France after the First World War. Their 5 witnesses thus disappeared from Germany’s inventory without ever leaving their shelves.⁸

Other manuscripts left Germany through the book trade. In 1909, Gregory recorded 4 witnesses in the possession of the Leipzig antiquarian bookseller Karl Wilhelm Hiersemann. All 4 were later sold to American collections. Unlike manuscripts held in libraries, these were already on the market when Gregory recorded them.⁹

By 1963, Germany’s manuscript holdings had been affected by both these earlier changes and the losses of World War II. Nearly 18 years later, the pages of the first Liste still bore the scars of the preceding decades. Bracketed shelfmarks, question marks, and descriptions such as “vermisst” (“missing”), “noch ausgelagert” (“still evacuated”), “verloren” (“lost”), and “stark beschädigt” (“badly damaged”) reflected both the damage to these collections and the uncertainty surrounding their fate. ¹⁰

The Second Liste: Germany Reunited

Germany was reunited in 1990, but not all the manuscripts dispersed from Berlin’s collections had returned. Some had returned long before reunification: in 1964, the Berlin holdings kept in Marburg and Tübingen began returning to West Berlin. The two Berlin state libraries formally reunited in 1992, two years before the second Liste was published. By then, some manuscripts previously listed under uncertain Berlin shelf numbers could be located in collections abroad; others remained unaccounted for.

One of the largest groups was in Kraków, Poland.

The Manuscripts That Never Came Back: Berlin to Kraków

During the war, some of the Prussian State Library’s Greek NT manuscripts were evacuated eastward to Silesia, then part of Germany. The collections that eventually reached Kraków were among those sent to Fürstenstein Castle (now Książ) and subsequently transferred to Grüssau Monastery (now Krzeszów) in 1944. After the war, these areas became part of Poland. The former Berlin holdings recovered there were brought to Kraków in 1946 and moved into the Jagiellonian Library building in October 1947. Other manuscripts evacuated from Berlin followed different routes, with some returning to Germany after the war and others remaining unaccounted for.¹¹

The former Prussian State Library holdings became known as the Berlinka (“Berlin Collection”). But why did they remain in Kraków? The answer lay in a longstanding dispute over ownership, deeply entangled with the legacy of WW2. While the Berlin library maintained that the collection still belonged to it, the Polish side viewed the question in the broader context of the postwar settlement and the immense losses suffered by Poland’s libraries and museums under German occupation. The Jagiellonian Library retained the holdings and began making them available to researchers in the late 1970s. Negotiations over their return began in the early 1990s, but the two sides failed to reach an agreement, leaving the collection in Kraków.¹²

Their earlier place in the Berlin collection is still visible with the red stamp “Ex Biblioth. Regia Berolinensi.”¹³

By 1994, the second Liste recorded 20 former Berlin witnesses under Kraków, grouped as Fonds der Berliner Hss. and still identified by their historical Berlin shelf numbers. Fifteen were securely located there, while Kraków was listed as the possible location of the remaining 5.¹⁴

Thus, while these manuscripts survived the war, many never returned to the German libraries that had once held them.

Dresden and Leipzig: What Had Become of the Missing Manuscripts?

Poland was not the only country where manuscripts from German libraries had turned up. By the second Liste of 1994, two manuscripts formerly held in Dresden, GA 238 and GA 252, were listed in the State Archives in Moscow. Both had belonged to the collection of Christian Friedrich Matthaei, a German scholar who had worked in Moscow and sold his manuscripts to Dresden’s library in 1788. His collecting had long attracted accusations that he had stolen manuscripts from Moscow’s ecclesiastical libraries, whose Greek holdings he had helped to catalog, and erased ownership marks to conceal evidence of the theft.¹⁵

Meanwhile, Soviet “trophy” commissions were removing large quantities of cultural property from German collections, including books and manuscripts. Soviet authorities had already compiled lists of valuable books in German libraries before the war ended. In September 1945, a Soviet transport unit arrived at Schloss Rauenstein near Leipzig, where important holdings from the Deutsches Buch- und Schriftmuseum had been stored for safekeeping. The soldiers removed 19 crates and a bundle of material, including manuscripts and rare printed books, among them a Gutenberg Bible. The collection was taken to Berlin and then to Moscow, where it remains today in the Russian State Library.¹⁶

In March 1947, Soviet officers searched the manuscript collections in Dresden and Leipzig for manuscripts believed to have been taken from Russian libraries by Matthaei. Using titles and shelf numbers supplied from Moscow, they attempted to identify the manuscripts despite the difficulties caused by wartime water damage. GA 238 and GA 252 were among those eventually identified and sent to Moscow.¹⁷

Three other witnesses whose locations had been uncertain in the 1963 Liste—GA 101 and ℓ57 and ℓ1551—were listed in Dresden. That left 2 of Dresden’s 7 uncertain witnesses. GA 241 was still listed simply as früher Dresden, Landesbibliothek (“formerly Dresden State Library”), with no current location. GA 2039 had received a much grimmer verdict: “verbrannt” (“burned”).¹⁸

In Leipzig, ℓ948 remained “vermisst,” as it had been in 1963, but the description of GA 0106 had changed. No longer described as “still evacuated,” it was now classified as a “Kriegsverlust” (“war loss”). The wording suggested that hopes of its return had faded, yet left a crucial question unanswered: had the manuscript been destroyed, or was it still somewhere waiting to be found?

Münster and Hermann Kunst

Among the changes to Germany’s manuscript landscape between the first and second editions of the Liste, Münster stands out as one of the most dramatic. In 1963, the city had just one registered Greek New Testament witness; by 1994, it had 22. Much of this growth was due to Bishop Hermann Kunst, a close friend of Kurt Aland and a devoted supporter of his research.¹⁹

For many years, Kunst represented the Evangelical Church in Germany to the West German government, using his political and church connections to secure support for Aland’s research. In the 1960s, he and Aland helped establish the organization that became the Hermann Kunst-Stiftung zur Förderung der neutestamentlichen Textforschung. Its statutes laid out an ambitious program that would transform the landscape of New Testament research in Germany and beyond: locating unknown NT manuscripts in libraries and museums, examining and cataloging them, evaluating their texts, and bringing photographs and microfilms together in one collection. They also explicitly encouraged the purchase of original manuscripts.²⁰

The foundation was particularly eager to revive manuscript collecting in Germany. In its 1969 report, it welcomed recent purchases by German collectors and hoped others would follow their example. The report described Germany’s “Nachholbedarf”—its need to catch up—in manuscript collecting as “quite extraordinary,” reflecting concern that German collections had stagnated while those elsewhere had grown. The foundation even offered to advise prospective buyers and encouraged collectors to allow their manuscripts to be photographed for research.²¹

Kunst himself put these ambitions into practice. He assembled a private collection of 18 Greek New Testament manuscripts, which he placed on long-term loan with the INTF for research, stipulating that they remain accessible to the public. According to the foundation’s 1975–1976 report, none had previously been systematically examined. The collection subsequently formed the core of the Münster Bible Museum, which grew through further acquisitions and donations. Kunst’s efforts helped establish Münster as an important center for the preservation and study of Greek NT manuscripts.²²

The Foundation also supported manuscript research beyond Germany. In 1969, the INTF estimated that of roughly 120 Greek New Testament manuscripts recorded in Turkish collections, only about 60 could still be located; the rest were missing or presumed lost. To investigate these discrepancies, Gerhard Krodel and Klaus Junack traveled some 15,000 kilometers through Turkey in a Volkswagen camper van in 1971, visiting collections, checking earlier manuscript records, and photographing the manuscripts they found. The Hermann Kunst Foundation financed the entire expedition after efforts to secure funding elsewhere had failed.²³

By 1994, the manuscripts scattered during the war had followed different paths. Some had returned to their former collections, others were now held in Poland or Russia, and the whereabouts of several remained uncertain. More than 30 years have passed since the 1994 Liste appeared. Some of the manuscripts still listed as lost in 1994 have since been located, and others have proved harder to account for. How has the picture changed?

Greek New Testament Manuscripts in Germany Today

The Liste records 165 Greek New Testament witnesses in Germany today: 10 papyri, 36 majuscules, 73 minuscules, and 46 lectionaries.²⁴

The 10 papyri are generally dated from around 200 to the 7th century and preserve portions of Matthew, John, Acts, Romans, 2 Corinthians, Hebrews, and Philemon. Most survive only as small fragments. Among them are fragments of 𝔓66, a substantially preserved early codex of John’s Gospel, the larger part of which is held outside Germany. Other early witnesses include 𝔓40 in Heidelberg, containing portions of Romans, and 𝔓87 in Cologne, the earliest surviving Greek witness to Philemon.

The 36 majuscules range from around 200 to the 10th century. Many survive only as fragments, while others preserve substantial portions of the Gospels or Epistles. Particularly significant is GA 0171, with one leaf in Berlin and another in Florence, preserving passages from Matthew and Luke. Although the Alands dated it to around 300, Crisci assigned it to the late 2nd century, while Orsini and Clarysse proposed 175–225. If these earlier dates are accepted, 0171 would be the earliest surviving Gospel majuscule and an unusually early witness to copying more than one Gospel in the same codex.²⁵

Several of Germany’s majuscules are palimpsests, including GA 024 and 026 in Wolfenbüttel, two Gospel manuscripts dating respectively to the 6th and 5th centuries. Leaves from both were reused in the early 8th century for a single copy of Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae. GA 0208 in Munich preserves portions of Colossians and 1 Thessalonians beneath a Latin copy of Prosper of Aquitaine’s Chronicon. Palimpsests are also found among the lectionaries, including the eighth-century ℓ293 in Leipzig, whose 89 leaves preserve Gospel readings beneath a later Psalter.

The 73 minuscules date from the 10th to the 16th century and vary considerably in size. GA 423 in Munich, a two-volume Gospel manuscript with commentary copied in 1556, contains 1,041 leaves, meaning it has the highest folio count of any manuscript in the Liste, exceeding the next largest by more than 200 leaves.

Particularly noteworthy is GA 664 in Zittau, a 15th-century Greek Bible containing both the Old and New Testaments. Known as Codex Zittaviensis, it is catalogued as GA 664 in the New Testament Liste and Rahlfs 44 in the Septuagint Verzeichnis. To my knowledge, it is one of the very few surviving Greek manuscripts containing both the Old and New Testaments, and perhaps the only such Bible held in Germany. Until recently, however, the Liste did not record that it also had Old Testament contents.

The 46 lectionaries date from the 8th to the 16th century. Thirteen are written in majuscule, including four dated to the 8th century. Among these is ℓ1602, a Greek-Coptic Gospel lectionary, of which five leaves are preserved in Freiburg. It is the only known Greek NT lectionary to preserve both the shorter and longer ending of Mark (16:9–20).

Another remarkable witness is ℓ1605 in Hamburg, a 13th-century lectionary containing Greek, Coptic, and Arabic readings arranged in parallel columns. Despite its relatively late date, it is also written in majuscule. It is the only trilingual lectionary recorded in the Liste and, according to Parker, one of only two surviving trilingual Greek NT manuscripts. Of its 43 surviving leaves, 36 are in Hamburg, with the remainder preserved in London, Oxford, and Vienna.²⁶

These 165 witnesses are listed under 28 locations in Germany, with the largest concentrations in Berlin, Munich, and Münster.

Greek New Testament Manuscripts in Germany: Distribution by Location

165 witnesses across 28 locations

Location	Witnesses	GA numbers
Augsburg	1	2814
Berlin	41	𝔓8, 𝔓25, 𝔓63, 𝔓79; 057, 060, 0109, 0111, 0160, 0164, 0165, 0171, 0188, 0189, 0210, 0259–0261, 0263–0266, 0268, 0302; 172, 400, 655–657, 660, 1311, 1370, 1374, 2490, 2491, 2941; ℓ143, ℓ379, ℓ382, ℓ946, ℓ1656
Bernkastel-Kues	1	87
Beuron	1	0197
Bremen	1	ℓ2451
Cologne (Köln)	6	𝔓66, 𝔓86, 𝔓87, 𝔓118; 0309; 2745
Dessau-Roßlau	1	651
Dresden	6	012; 101, 258, 2017, 2082; ℓ1551
Frankfurt an der Oder	1	42
Freiburg im Breisgau	1	ℓ1602
Gotha	2	1884; ℓ32
Göttingen	4	89, 1285; ℓ38, ℓ2527
Hamburg	5	𝔓117; 013, 0243; 336; ℓ1605
Heidelberg	3	𝔓40; 0166, 0187
Kassel	1	ℓ947
Leipzig	11	99, 564, 674, 1913, 3016, 3017; ℓ3, ℓ178, ℓ293, ℓ948, ℓ2510
Marburg	1	0320
Munich (München)	31	033, 053, 0142, 0208; 83–85, 177, 422, 423, 426–428, 430, 652, 1909, 1929, 1930, 2037, 2038, 2768, 2888, 2889, 2891, 2999; ℓ24, ℓ34, ℓ154, ℓ1570, ℓ1948, ℓ2016
Münster	22	0233, 0301; 676, 798, 1432, 2444–2446, 2460, 2754–2756, 2793; ℓ1681–1685, ℓ2005, ℓ2137, ℓ2208, ℓ2276
Nuremberg (Nürnberg)	1	ℓ31
Oldenburg	1	2796
Scheyern	1	ℓ1949
Trier	2	ℓ179, ℓ2437
Tübingen	2	ℓ294, ℓ2539
Weimar	8	2939, 3000, 3001; ℓ2209, ℓ2480–2482, ℓ2525
Wittenberg	1	ℓ987
Wolfenbüttel	8	024, 026; 97, 126, 429, 2360, 2921; ℓ1981
Zittau	1	664
TOTAL	165

Swipe left or right to view the complete table.

New Registrations Since 1994

Since 1994, 24 additional witnesses have received GA numbers in German collections: 2 papyri, 2 majuscules, 11 minuscules, and 9 lectionaries. The largest increase since 1994 has been in Weimar, where the Herzogin Anna Amalia Library now has 8 registered witnesses, compared with just one in the second Liste. Leipzig has also seen considerable growth, from 6 to 11. GA 0301, already registered before 1994, also entered a German collection when it was donated from the Schøyen Collection to the Bible Museum in Münster.

Newly Registered Witnesses in Germany since 1994

24 additional Greek New Testament witnesses

Category	Number	GA numbers
Papyri	2	𝔓117, 𝔓118
Majuscules	2	0309, 0320
Minuscules	11	2888, 2889, 2891, 2921, 2939, 2941, 2999, 3000, 3001, 3016, 3017
Lectionaries	9	ℓ2437, ℓ2451, ℓ2480, ℓ2481, ℓ2482, ℓ2510, ℓ2525, ℓ2527, ℓ2539
Total	24

Swipe left or right to view the complete table.

Of these 24 manuscripts, four had previously been recorded as Abschriften, while a fifth received a separate GA number for the Revelation portion of an already registered manuscript. This leaves just 19 previously unregistered witnesses added to the Liste in more than three decades. Nor were all of these recent acquisitions: some had been in German collections for decades, or even centuries, before receiving GA numbers. ²⁷

The case of two Gospel manuscripts in Leipzig illustrates how witnesses could remain outside the Liste long after they had become known to scholarship.

Two Gospel codices, now GA 3016 and GA 3017, were apparently acquired for Leipzig’s international book exhibition in 1914. Around 2,000,000 visitors attended before the outbreak of the First World War disrupted the exhibition, forcing the display to close early. The manuscripts entered the collections of the Deutsches Buch- und Schriftmuseum but remained in storage and were not formally inventoried until decades later.²⁸

Kurt Treu examined them in 1974–1975 and published his descriptions in 1978. He noted the irony that Gregory had traveled to distant collections in search of New Testament manuscripts while these 2 codices in Leipzig had escaped his attention. Treu’s article made them known to scholarship, but they remained absent from the Liste, including its second edition in 1994.²⁹

After coming across Treu’s article, I contacted the Deutsches Buch- und Schriftmuseum. The library confirmed that both manuscripts were in its collection and supplied further information. This enabled both manuscripts to be registered in the Liste, more than a century after their apparent acquisition. Digitization of GA 3016 was arranged, but GA 3017 was considered too fragile to photograph.

What Became of the Manuscripts Once Thought Lost?

In 2012, the 4 Gospel leaves of GA 0106, classified as a “Kriegsverlust” in the 1994 Liste, were found in the Moscow State University Library, wrapped in brown paper inside two glass frames. The rediscovery was published in 2016, identifying them as the leaves Tischendorf had brought from Sinai in 1844 and deposited in Leipzig University Library as Cod. Gr. 7. One of the leaves still bears the inscription “Cod. Tischendorfi. I,” linking it to its earlier identification. They had probably been taken from Leipzig during or shortly after WW2, although exactly how and when they reached Moscow remains unknown.³⁰

After coming across this article, I was able to updated its location in the Liste. Leipzig University Library was also informed of the rediscovery; until then, it had been unaware that its missing leaves were in Russia.

GA 241 was another manuscript whose rediscovery had yet to reach the Liste. Formerly Dresden A 172, it had been handed over to the Soviet military in 1947 as part of the Matthaei collection. In 2019, Martin Karrer reported that it had been identified in Moscow in 2017 and thanked the INTF for providing the digital photographs used in his work on Revelation. The Liste, however, still recorded its location as unknown. The entry has since been updated to reflect its location and shelf number at the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA) in Moscow.³¹

GA 2039 offers an even more striking example of how revisiting the evidence can pin down the location of these manuscripts. Formerly Dresden A 95, GA 2039 had seemed definitively lost: it was listed as “verbrannt” (“burned”) in the 1994 Liste. The 2017 Text und Textwert volume for Revelation likewise stated that it had been destroyed by fire and relied on Hoskier’s prewar collations. In 2025, Garrick Allen described it as destroyed in Dresden’s February 1945 bombing. Last year I came across A 95 in Bondach’s catalog of the Dresden manuscripts in Moscow. He described its 16 parchment leaves of Revelation, including an inscription on fol. 16v connecting it to Iviron Monastery on Mount Athos. His introduction explains that the Dresden manuscripts had suffered water damage during firefighting in 1945 and remained wet for 2 weeks. GA 2039 had undergone restoration in Moscow in 1982–1983, more than 10 years before the second Liste listed it as burned and later scholarship treated it as destroyed.³²

Not every wartime loss has been resolved. GA 2308, an 11th-century Gospel manuscript acquired in 1910 for Adolf Deissmann’s New Testament Seminar at the University of Berlin, has been missing since WW2. A letter Deissmann wrote in 1927 records that a patron had financed the purchase and reveals the importance he placed on giving students the opportunity to see and study original manuscripts.³³ Listed as a Kriegsverlust since the 1963 Liste, it is now recorded under location unknown in the NTVMR and is no longer counted among Germany’s current holdings. If the cases above have shown us anything, it is that there is still reason to hope it will turn up.

Corrections to the Liste

Revising the Liste requires more than identifying manuscripts once thought lost. It also means returning to older publications, identifying leaves registered under more than one GA number, and untangling conflicting reports about missing manuscripts.

One case involved a witness that was registered twice.

A single parchment leaf containing Mark 10:25–35 had been registered as GA 2744 while in the C. W. Adam collection in Goslar. After the collection was dispersed through auctions in 1980–1982, the leaf was purchased by the Norwegian collector Martin Schøyen. It was subsequently identified as part of GA 894, and its new location was recorded under that number. But the old Goslar entry under GA 2744 was not removed, meaning the same leaf was listed under 2 GA numbers and 2 locations in the 1994 Liste. The duplication has now been remedied: GA 2744 has been removed from the Liste, leaving the leaf recorded as part of GA 894.³⁴

In 2024, what began as an inquiry about a missing manuscript ended with 6 leaves found and 2 others missing. GA 0320 is a 10th-century Greek-Latin manuscript containing portions of the Pauline Epistles. In 1902, Victor Schultze discovered 2 leaves of Ephesians in the city archives of Mengeringhausen, repurposed as an envelope for 17th-century paperwork for the local shooting club. 6 further leaves, containing portions of 2 Corinthians and Titus, were identified in the Hessisches Staatsarchiv in Marburg in 1969.³⁵

By the 1994 Liste, the Mengeringhausen location had disappeared from the entry. Only the 6 Marburg leaves were listed, although the description still included Ephesians. In 2015, the leaf count was increased from 6 to 8, effectively placing all 8 in Marburg. Later that year, the archive reported that the manuscript had gone missing after 1999, and the Liste was updated accordingly.

In 2024, I wrote to the Marburg archive and learned that its 6 leaves were still there. They had apparently been separated and repackaged around 2015, which could explain the report of their loss. The archive kindly supplied new high-resolution images.

For a moment, the matter seemed settled. But the images contained no leaves of Ephesians, and upon further inquiry, the archive had no record of those 2 leaves. Further investigation established that they had never been in Marburg: they were the Mengeringhausen leaves, already missing decades earlier. Their contents had remained in the Liste, while their separate location—and their disappearance—had been forgotten.

The Liste now records 6 surviving leaves in Marburg and 2 missing leaves formerly in Mengeringhausen. The Ephesians leaves remain missing, but restoring their separate location in the Liste may make them easier to recognize if they turn up.³⁶

In other cases, obtaining digital images can reveal when a manuscript is no longer where the information records. That was the case with ℓ923, which appeared in the 1994 Liste with almost no information beyond its former location at the Friedrichs-Gymnasium in Frankfurt an der Oder.

In trying to trace ℓ923, I came across an 1877 catalogue by Rudolf Schwarze stating that a single lectionary leaf had been inserted into GA 42. Schwarze even recorded its contents: Matthew 17:16–23 and 1 Corinthians 9:2–12. This helped fill in several missing details about ℓ923 and established where the fragment had once been kept. Correspondence with the Stadtarchiv Frankfurt (Oder) confirmed that GA 42 was now held there and provided its current shelfmark. I subsequently helped arrange for CSNTM to digitize the manuscript in 2025, hoping that the missing leaf might still be among its pages. Unfortunately, when CSNTM examined GA 42, no trace of ℓ923 could be found. The fragment has therefore been moved to “location unknown” in the Liste. Hopefully, it will turn up again someday.³⁷

Digitization of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in Germany

When I began working on the Liste in 2018, one of my goals was to locate or obtain images of every Greek New Testament manuscript registered in Germany. Over the following years, this involved corresponding with libraries, tracking down existing photographs, and helping arrange new digitizations. During the same period, more and more German libraries were digitizing their own manuscript collections, making previously inaccessible images available to researchers.

Of the 165 Greek New Testament manuscripts currently registered in Germany, 125 (76%) now have color digital images, while another 36 (22%) are represented only by microfilm. (For manuscripts divided among collections in different countries, these figures refer only to the leaves held in Germany.) That leaves just four (2%) for which I could find no images: ℓ946, ℓ948, ℓ2527, and GA 3017. As noted above, GA 3017 was considered too fragile to photograph.

Not all newly obtained digital images are available online yet. These include images of GA 2796, a remarkably small 13th-century manuscript of Luke in the Landesbibliothek in Oldenburg, measuring just 9.5 × 8 cm, and ℓ987, a 12th-century Gospel lectionary preserved at the Lutherhaus in Wittenberg. Like GA 3016, new images of these manuscripts are in the queue to be uploaded to the NTVMR.

CSNTM has made a significant contribution to the digitization of Greek New Testament manuscripts in Germany, photographing dozens of manuscripts in German collections over the past two decades. Their work alone accounts for more than 20% of all Greek New Testament manuscripts currently registered in Germany. In recent years, I’ve collaborated with them in our shared effort to preserve these manuscripts digitally and make them accessible to scholars. Drawing on my contacts and knowledge of the collections, I’ve helped identify manuscripts needing digitization and helped open doors for their 2025 visits to Trier, Bernkastel-Kues, Dessau-Roßlau, and Frankfurt an der Oder.

All told, images of some kind, whether color or microfilm, have now been located for 161 of Germany’s 165 Greek New Testament manuscripts (98%). There are still gaps to fill, particularly in making existing images available online, but considerable progress has been made these past years toward the goal of obtaining images of every manuscript registered in Germany.

Below is a list of the 165 witnesses currently registered in Germany, with direct links to their images. Where a manuscript is divided among several institutions, the links lead to the portion held in Germany.

Manuscripts with color digital images are linked in blue, while those with only microfilm images are linked in brown. Manuscripts without links have no images currently accessible, or in some cases, are still awaiting upload to the NTVMR.

Papyri (10)

𝔓8, 𝔓25, 𝔓40, 𝔓63, 𝔓66, 𝔓79, 𝔓86, 𝔓87, 𝔓117, 𝔓118

Majuscules (36)

012, 013, 024, 026, 033, 053, 057, 060, 0109, 0111, 0142, 0160, 0164, 0165, 0166, 0171, 0187, 0188, 0189, 0197, 0208, 0210, 0233, 0243, 0259, 0260, 0261, 0263, 0264, 0265, 0266, 0268, 0301, 0302, 0309, 0320

Minuscules (73)

42, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 97, 99, 101, 126, 172, 177, 258, 336, 400, 422, 423 (vol. 1), 423 (vol. 2), 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 564, 651, 652, 655, 656, 657, 660, 664, 674, 676, 798, 1285, 1311, 1370, 1374, 1432, 1884, 1909, 1913, 1929, 1930, 2017, 2037, 2038, 2082, 2360, 2444, 2445, 2446, 2460, 2490, 2491, 2745, 2754, 2755, 2756, 2768, 2793, 2796, 2814, 2888, 2889, 2891, 2921, 2939, 2941, 2999, 3000, 3001, 3016, 3017

Lectionaries (46)

ℓ 3, ℓ 24, ℓ 31, ℓ 32, ℓ 34, ℓ 38, ℓ 143, ℓ 154, ℓ 178, ℓ 179, ℓ 293, ℓ 294, ℓ 379, ℓ 382, ℓ 946, ℓ 947, ℓ 948, ℓ 987, ℓ 1551, ℓ 1570, ℓ 1602, ℓ 1605, ℓ 1656, ℓ 1681, ℓ 1682, ℓ 1683, ℓ 1684, ℓ 1685, ℓ 1948, ℓ 1949, ℓ 1981, ℓ 2005, ℓ 2016, ℓ 2137, ℓ 2208, ℓ 2209, ℓ 2276, ℓ 2437, ℓ 2451, ℓ 2480, ℓ 2481, ℓ 2482, ℓ 2510, ℓ 2525, ℓ 2527, ℓ 2539

Notes on images: GA 0320: Color images for 6 surviving Marburg leaves; only older microfilm for 2 missing Ephesians leaves; GA 258: Only a few microfilm images have been located; the manuscript is badly damaged; GA 423: Two volumes; 1 has been digitized, the other is on microfilm; GA 1374: Only partial images on microfilm have been identified; GA 2796, GA 3016, and ℓ987: Digital images have been obtained but have not yet been uploaded to the NTVMR; ℓ 1656: Microfilm exists but has not yet been uploaded to the NTVMR.

Conclusion

Despite the losses traced in this survey, Germany still holds an exceptional collection of Greek New Testament manuscripts. Among its 165 witnesses, spread across 28 locations, are the earliest surviving Greek witness to Philemon and GA 0171, a manuscript preserving portions of Matthew and Luke that, if its earlier proposed dating is accepted, may be the earliest known surviving Greek Gospel majuscule. The collections also include a rare Greek Bible in Zittau containing books of the Old Testament and the entire New Testament, the only known Greek New Testament lectionary preserving both the shorter and longer ending of Mark, and the only known trilingual lectionary with the text in Greek, Coptic, and Arabic.

Understanding the contours of Germany’s manuscript collections today requires tracing their often remarkable histories. War, changing borders, and the dispersal of library collections have shaped their present locations, while subsequent rediscoveries and investigations have challenged long-standing assumptions about what survives.

When Kurt Aland published the first Liste in 1963, he lamented that German holdings had declined by dozens of witnesses in the preceding decades and that not a single new manuscript had been acquired. More than sixty years later, the picture is more encouraging, though also considerably more complex. Some manuscripts were damaged or disappeared during the Second World War, while others were evacuated for safekeeping and never returned to their former collections. More than two dozen witnesses survived the war but were lost to German collections and are now held in libraries and archives in Kraków and Moscow. Yet not all the losses were what they seemed. Some manuscripts long regarded as missing or destroyed have since been found, while others once thought to be accounted for are still missing. Meanwhile, other manuscripts have come to light in German collections where they had been preserved for decades, or even centuries, before being registered in the Liste.

Much of the progress described here has depended on the contributions of scholars, librarians, curators, and others around the world who have revisited older records, checked collections, shared information and images, and reported previously unregistered manuscripts. The increasing availability of digital photography has been particularly valuable, allowing manuscripts to be examined and questions about their contents and whereabouts to be resolved. Images have now been located for 161 of Germany’s 165 witnesses, including color images of 125 of them.

Nevertheless, some manuscripts remain unaccounted for, and some existing images have yet to become publicly accessible. There is also more to learn about the histories, identities, and texts of manuscripts already located. The work described here has resolved some long-standing questions while revealing others that remain unanswered. It is hoped that the manuscript histories and findings brought together here will provide a useful starting point for others who may take up this work in the future.

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1. Kurt Aland, Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments, ANTF 1 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1963), 18. Translation mine. ↩︎
2. Caspar René Gregory, Textkritik des Neuen Testamentes, vol. 3 (Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1909), 1432. The library acquired Greek manuscripts from the Meerman–Phillipps collection in 1889; see Wilhelm Studemund and Leopold Cohn, Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften der Königlichen Bibliothek zu Berlin, part 1 (Berlin, 1890). The name Preußische Staatsbibliothek, proposed by Adolf von Harnack on 4 December 1918, was approved on 27 December. Aland’s 1963 Liste identifies the East Berlin institution as the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek. The East and West Berlin libraries reunited in 1992. ↩︎
3. Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, “History,” section “1946–1991;” Marburg held GA 2491 and ℓ382; Tübingen held GA 655, 656, 657, 660, 2490, ℓ379, and ℓ848. The Marburg holdings were gathered there in 1946–1947. ↩︎
4. The bracketed witnesses are GA 255, 257, 433, 653, 654, 658, 659, 661, 823, 1380, 1525, and ℓ375, ℓ376, ℓ377, ℓ378, ℓ380, ℓ945, ℓ1301, ℓ1302, and ℓ1323. ↩︎
5. Gregory, Textkritik, 3:1432, lists 10 witnesses in Dresden: GA 012, 101, 238, 241, 252, 258, 2017, 2039, 2082, and ℓ57. Alexander Reichardt’s Der Codex Boernerianus der Briefe des Apostels Paulus (Leipzig: K. W. Hiersemann, 1909) preserves readings no longer decipherable in the original; see also Sächsische Biografie, s.v. “Alexander Reichardt.” For the bombing of the Japanisches Palais and the damage to its collections, see Thomas Bürger, “Die Geschichte der Dresdner Bilderhandschrift des Sachsenspiegels im 20. Jahrhundert,” in Die Dresdner Bilderhandschrift des Sachsenspiegels: Aufsätze und Untersuchungen, ed. Heiner Lück (Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 2011), 175–187, esp. 180–184. ↩︎
6. These bracketed entries in the 1963 Liste are GA 2039 (A 95), GA 238 (A 100), ℓ1551 (A 104, fols. 1–36 and 122–186), GA 101 (A 104, fols. 37–121), GA 252 (A 145), ℓ57 (A 151), and GA 241 (A 172). The 7 entries represent 6 shelf numbers because GA 101 and ℓ1551 are distinct portions of A 104. ↩︎
7. Gregory lists 8 witnesses at Leipzig’s Universitätsbibliothek: GA 0106, 99, 293, 564, 1284, 1913, ℓ178, and ℓ948. For the wartime evacuations and bombing, see Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, “Dritte Periode (1933–1945),” and Universität Leipzig, “Wohin Bestände der Universitätsbibliothek in Kriegszeiten ausgelagert wurden,” 9 August 2022. ↩︎
8. GA 431 at Strasbourg’s Catholic seminary; GA 663, ℓ944, and ℓ1322 at its university; and GA 480 at the public library in Metz. ↩︎
9. Gregory, Textkritik, vol. 3, “Leipzig: K. W. Hiersemann,” citing catalog no. 354 (1908). These were GA 2304 and ℓ1544, ℓ1545, and ℓ1547. GA 2304 later entered the Gruber Collection in Chicago (Gruber 50); ℓ1544 also reached Chicago (Gruber 52, now ℓ1536); ℓ1545 entered the Morgan Library in New York (MS M.423, now ℓ1632); and ℓ1547 is held at the Bridwell Library, Southern Methodist University, Dallas. Another MS in his catalog, ℓ1546, was subsequently removed from the Liste because it is a liturgical book, not a proper lectionary. ↩︎
10. Uncertain locations were not confined to the major collections: 2 entries under Frankfurt an der Oder and ℓ947 under Kassel’s Murhard’sche Bibliothek also appeared in brackets. ↩︎
11. See Jagiellonian University, “History and Structure,” on the evacuation of the former Berlin collections to Silesia and their transfer to Kraków in 1946.
    ↩︎
12. For the German ownership claim, see Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, “Holdings Evacuated to Poland.” ↩︎
13. These images were provided by CSNTM who recently obtained digitized images of GA 1380, 255, 257 and L378 from the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow. The stamp abbreviates the Latin Ex Bibliotheca Regia Berolinensi (“From the Royal Library in Berlin”). An order dated 27 August 1795 directed that the library’s books be stamped in red with this wording, following Göttingen’s example. See Martin Hollender, “Die Besitzstempel der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin und ihrer Vorgängerinnen,” Bibliotheksmagazin 3 (2013): 69–70, available online. ↩︎
14. These 5 witnesses with uncertain locations in the 1994 Liste were GA 255, 257, 658, 659, and ℓ377. In 2008, two additional lectionary fragments, ℓ2421 (Graec. Oct. 3, fols. 267–269) and ℓ2433 (fols. I–IV), were registered from leaves preserved in the same volume as GA 653. ↩︎
15. Katalog der Handschriften der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek zu Dresden, vol. 1 (Dresden, 1979), IV, 44, 66, identifies A 100 (GA 238) and A 145 (GA 252) as manuscripts from Matthaei’s collection subsequently transferred to the Soviet Union. For the accusation that Matthaei erased ownership marks to conceal the theft, see Sergei A. Belokurov, O biblioteke moskovskikh gosudarei v XVI stoletii (Moscow, 1898), online text. For a later examination of the accusations, see Galina A. Tyurina, Iz istorii izucheniia grecheskikh rukopisei v Evrope v XVIII — nachale XIX v.: Khristian Fridrikh Mattei (1744–1811) (Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kulʹtury, 2012), 253–61. ↩︎
16. Bettina Rüdiger, “Begehrte Trophäen: Der wertvollste Bestand des Museums als Kriegsbeute,” Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Blog, 19 November 2024. Rüdiger notes that Soviet authorities had compiled lists of German incunabula before the war ended. The most valuable items were flown to Moscow, while the remainder followed by train in February 1946. Attempts to recover the collection were unsuccessful. ↩︎
17. Katalog der Handschriften der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek zu Dresden, vol. 1 (Dresden, 1979), IV, 44, 66, identifies A 100 (GA 238) and A 145 (GA 252) as Matthaei manuscripts transferred to the Soviet Union in 1947. ↩︎
18. In 1994, GA 241 was listed as “früher Dresden, Landesbibliothek” and GA 2039 as “verbrannt.” ↩︎
19. Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, “Unvergessener Botschafter der Evangelischen Kirche,” 18 January 2007; Universität Münster, “Förderung der neutestamentlichen Textforschung,” 9 November 1999. Kunst represented the EKD to the federal government from 1949 to 1977. His private collection accounts for only part of Münster’s holdings. ↩︎
20. Stiftung zur Förderung der neutestamentlichen Textforschung, Bericht für die Jahre 1967/1968, 6–7, § 2(a)–(e). On purchasing manuscripts, § 2(e) states: “Der Ankauf von Originalhandschriften soll gefördert werden.” The foundation initially bore the name Stiftung zur Förderung der neutestamentlichen Textforschung; its constituting meeting took place on 26 September 1967 (p. 3). ↩︎
21. Stiftung Bericht für das Jahr 1969 (Münster, 1970), 17. ↩︎
22. Stiftung Bericht für die Jahre 1975 und 1976, 7–8. The report describes Kunst’s 18 manuscripts as Germany’s largest private collection of Greek New Testament manuscripts and states: “Die Handschriften sind sämtlich bisher ununtersucht.” It also mentions a majuscule palimpsest preserving a valuable Egyptian text. Kunst’s wider collection included Vulgate, Coptic, Arabic, and Ethiopic manuscripts, early printed Bibles, and letters of Luther. The permanent loan followed a temporary exhibition in 1975 and stipulated continued public access. For the collection’s transfer in 1978 and incorporation into the Bible Museum in 1979, see Universität Münster, “Die Sammlung Hermann Kunst.” ↩︎
23. Stiftung Bericht für das Jahr 1969 (Münster, 1970), 8; Bericht für die Jahre 1970 und 1971 (Münster, 1972), 7–8. The journey also included work in Greece. See Gerhard Krodel, “New Manuscripts of the Greek New Testament,” Journal of Biblical Literature 91 (1972): 232–238. Krodel discovered 308 additional leaves of GA 2745 in Cyprus, previously known from 1 leaf; see Bericht für die Jahre 1975 und 1976, 15. ↩︎
24. GA 0262 has been reclassified as a talisman (T26). For the reclassification of ℓ57 and ℓ1686 as other liturgical books, see Georgios Andreou, “Liturgical Manuscripts and the Siglum Lit in the Kurzgefasste Liste: Classification and Transmission,” Ex Fonte 5 (2026): 123–163, esp. 142, 153, 157–158. GA 2744 duplicates part of GA 894. Georgi Parpulov identified ℓ2509 as part of ℓ3, and GA 1284 and GA 2345 as parts of GA 674. ℓ923 was moved to “location unknown” after CSNTM found no trace of it inside GA 42 in 2025. ℓ1656 remains counted under Berlin for this survey, following the Liste, although its present location is uncertain. Paul Moraux placed it at his home in Oisy, Belgium, in 1960; a transfer to Berlin has not been established. See Moraux, “Un fragment d’évangéliaire grec du XIe siècle,” Scriptorium 14 (1960): 102. ↩︎
25. Kurt Aland and Barbara Aland, The Text of the New Testament, 159; Cavallo et al., Scrivere libri e documenti nel mondo antico (1998), no. 24, 105–6, pl. XX; Orsini and Clarysse, “Early New Testament Manuscripts and Their Dates,” Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 88 (2012), 458, 466, 472. Only portions of two leaves of GA 0171 survive: the Berlin leaf contains Matt 10:17–23, 25–32, and the Florence leaf Luke 22:44–56, 61–64. For comparison, 𝔓75 preserves Luke and John in the same codex, although its date remains debated; see Orsini and Clarysse, 471, and Nongbri, “Reconsidering the Place of Papyrus Bodmer XIV–XV (𝔓75),” 405–37. ↩︎
26. D. C. Parker, An Introduction to the New Testament Manuscripts and Their Texts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 69. The other known trilingual manuscript is GA 460, a 13th-century Greek–Latin–Arabic manuscript containing Acts and the Epistles, preserved in the Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice (Gr. Z. 11). Parker also notes GA 256, a Greek–Armenian manuscript with an additional Italian column in parts of the Catholic Epistles and Revelation, making it partially trilingual. ↩︎
27. GA 2888, 2889, and 2891 were previously listed as Abschriften of GA 1909, 1929, and 2036, respectively; GA 0320 was listed as an Abschrift of GA 06. GA 2921 comprises the Revelation portion (fols. 186–205) of Wolfenbüttel, Cod. Guelf. 16.7 Aug. 4°; fols. 1–185 remain GA 429. Göttingen’s ℓ2527 was acquired from a private owner in 1978 and registered in 2024 after Georgi Parpulov drew attention to it; see the catalog for Cod. Ms. 1978.3. Munich’s GA 2999 had been in the court library since 1773; see the record for Cod. graec. 259. For GA 3016 and GA 3017, see Kurt Treu, “Die griechischen Handschriften des Deutschen Buch- und Schriftmuseums in Leipzig,” Revue d’histoire des textes 6 (1976; published 1978): 323–340, esp. 323–330. ↩︎
28. Treu, “Die griechischen Handschriften,” 323–324. For the exhibition’s attendance, early closure, and transfer of material to the museum, see Wolfgang Hohensee and Emily Löffler, “Weltkultur und Weltkrieg – Bugra in Leipzig,” Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, 13 August 2024. ↩︎
29. Treu, “Die griechischen Handschriften,” 323 n. 5 and 325–330, with plates IV–V. ↩︎
30. Rodney Ast, Alexander Lifshits, and Julia Lougovaya, “Codex Tischendorfianus 1, Rediscovered and Revisited,” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 200 (2016): 141–160, esp. 141, on the rediscovery and possible wartime removal. See also Сокровища Научной библиотеки МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова: Научное обозрение коллекции Отдела редких книг и рукописей [Treasures of the Scientific Library of Lomonosov Moscow State University: A Scholarly Survey of the Rare Books and Manuscripts Department] (Moscow: Moscow University Press, 2025), 37, no. 18, with color photographs and a description of the manuscript (shelfmark 2Aa 43). ↩︎
31. Martin Karrer, “Herman Charles Hoskier and the Textual Criticism of Revelation,” in The Future of New Testament Textual Scholarship: From H. C. Hoskier to the Editio Critica Maior and Beyond, ed. Garrick V. Allen, WUNT 417 (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2019), 51–68, esp. 63–64. Karrer credits Mikhail Seleznev with the identification. The shelfmark is RGADA, fond 1607, inventory 1, item 14 (Ед. хр. 14; formerly Dresden A 172); see A. G. Bondach, Ф. 1607. Дрезденские рукописные книги. Опись 1. 27 ед. хр. X–XVIII вв. (Moscow: Federal Archival Agency / RGADA, 2023), 14–16. ↩︎
32. Markus Lembke, Darius Müller, and Ulrich B. Schmid, in collaboration with Martin Karrer, Text und Textwert der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments, VI: Die Apokalypse: Teststellenkollation und Auswertungen, ANTF 49 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2017), 7, 88–89; Garrick V. Allen, “Technology and Preservation: Thoughts on the New Testament Virtual Manuscript Room and the Hoskier Archive,” in Die Bibel zum Sprechen bringen: Festschrift zu Ehren von Holger Strutwolf (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2025), 533–550. Bondach, Ф. 1607. Дрезденские рукописные книги, 4, describes the wartime water damage; pp. 7–8 describe A 95 and its restoration at the All-Union Research Institute for Restoration. On p. 7 n. 17 he explicitly rejects the descriptions of A 95 as missing or burned. ↩︎
33. Adolf Deissmann to A. T. Robertson, 2 March 1927, p. 2, A. T. Robertson Papers, box 7, folder 3, Archives and Special Collections, James P. Boyce Centennial Library, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky. For a transcription, see Daniel B. Wallace, “There Were Giants in Those Days: Codex Robertsonianus (Gregory-Aland 2358), Part 1,” 19 June 2014. ↩︎
34. Formerly Goslar, C. W. Adam collection, inventory no. 2550 (GA 2744); subsequently Schøyen Collection, MS 583/2 (part of GA 894). See Manuscripta Biblica, former GA 2744. The other surviving leaves are held in Venice, Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Gr. II, 144 (1362), fols. 1–4. ↩︎
35. Victor Schultze, Codex Waldeccensis: Unbekannte Fragmente einer griechisch-lateinischen Bibelhandschrift (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1904). See also Karin Bredehorn, “Aus Fuldischen Handschriften. Codex Waldeccensis: Fragmente einer griechisch-lateinischen Bibelhandschrift (olim Arolsen-Mengeringhausen, Stadtarchiv s.n.; Marburg, Hessisches Staatsarchiv Best. 147 Hr 2, 2),” Archiv für mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte 51 (1999): 455–514. Previously listed as an Abschrift of GA 06, the manuscript received its independent number in 2009. ↩︎
36. Katie Leggett, “Keeping Track of Manuscripts: The Curious Case of 0320,” INTF Blog, 31 July 2024. Marburg’s 6 leaves are held at the Hessisches Staatsarchiv, Best. 147 Nr. Hr 2/2; the photographs supplied in 2024 are available in the NTVMR. ↩︎
37. Rudolf Schwarze, Die alten Drucke und Handschriften der Bibliothek des Königl. Friedrichs-Gymnasiums zu Frankfurt a. O. (1877): “Eingelegt dem Codex ist das Fragment eines Lectionarium, ein Blättchen mit den Stellen Matth. 17, 16–23 und I Cor 9, 2–12.” ↩︎